1. Define the drugs that are commonly used in Radiology procedures and what types of procedures they may be used in.
2. Describe what occurs in a person’s body that actually produces the reaction that is seen clinically.
3. Describe the common adverse reactions that can occur after drug administration and what symptoms may be seen.
4. Explain the steps that should be undertaken to minimize drug reactions and potentially improve patient safety.

1. Describe the different types of CT imaging techniques and the usefulness of contrast agents when evaluating a patient with blunt abdominal trauma
2. Explain how CT imaging is useful in diagnosing the various ways hemorrhage can appear in a patient who has suffered abdominal trauma.
3. Describe the major organs of the abdomen and how they might appear on CT imaging after blunt abdominal trauma.

1. Discuss the CT characteristics of renal cysts and the various causes for multiple cysts including adult polycystic kidney disease, tuberous sclerosis, von Hippel-Lindau disease and multilocular cystic lymphoma.
2. Explain the concern over identifying solid masses in the kidney and the staging of renal carcinoma.
3. Describe the use of CT in evaluating pyelonephritis and related infectious conditions of the kidney.
4. Discuss the use of CT in diagnosing renal stones and the issues involved regarding the likelihood of passage versus the need for intervention.

1. Discuss the potential risks of radiation exposure (x-ray usage) during pregnancy and the time period of most concern for these procedures.
2. Define the limits of ultrasound energy output that is recommended for use in pregnancy and explain the various ways in which magnetic resonance might be used.
3. Describe the types of nuclear medicine studies that might be utilized in women of childbearing age and the limitations that should be observed.

1. Describe the essential components of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and how Magnetic Resonance Imaging works.
2. Explain how the body becomes "magnetized".
3. Explain the meaning of the T1 relaxation time, the T2* time constant, the T2 relaxation time, and "free induction decay" or FID.

1. Explain how different tissues have different T1 relaxation times and how this affects the overall image that is created.
2. Define the meaning of TR (repetition time) and TE (echo delay time).
3. Discuss the differences between T1-weighted images, proton density-weighted images, and T2-weighted images.

1. Define the meaning of the readout axis and the phase-encoded axis.
2. Discuss the meaning of "dwell time", "bandwidth" and the signal-to-noise ratio.
3. Explain how chemical shift artifacts occur and how they can be eliminated from an image.

1. Explain why poor documentation can be harmful in the setting of a malpractice lawsuit and define some of the issues to avoid when charting.
2. List many of the ways a healthcare provider can improve their documentation or charting skills.
3. Describe how medical images are generated for patient evaluation and stored for future use in the care of a patient.
4. Define the policies and procedures that facilities should have in place regarding issues related to medical images and list the guidelines issued by The American College of Radiology regarding ownership and management of medical images.

1. Define basic computer terminology of the Windows operating system
2. List the operational/application components of a digital image.
3. Describe the process of digital image acquisition.
4. Explain the effect of resolution, exposure, and image quality.

1. Define basic computer terminology and components
2. List operational/application components in an integrated computer-imaging department.
3. Describe the components of a computer radiology unit.
4. Explain how images are acquired.

1. Describe the process as to how an image is obtained and processed for the purpose of interpretation utilizing screen-film x-ray imaging.
2. Describe the process as to how an image is obtained and processed for the purpose of interpretation utilizing digital detectors in computed radiography.
3. Discuss the various aspects of photostimulable phosphor detector systems, charge-coupling devices, a-SI detectors, and a-Se detectors.

1. Discuss Time-of-Flight (TOF) MR angiography and the different aspects of 2D-TOF, 3D-TOF, and multiple overlapping thin slab acquisition (MOTSA) and describe the clinical settings for which each may be of use.
2. Describe Phase Contrast MR angiography, its limitations, and the clinical settings in which it may be used.
3. Explain Contrast Enhanced MR angiography, its benefits in the clinical setting and its potential limitations.

1. Discuss the various forms of disk herniation from protrusion to extrusion to sequestration and their MR appearance.
2. Describe the MR techniques that the author has found to be the best in evaluating the lumbar spine.
3. Discuss the various findings and the MR appearance that may be seen in the postoperative spine.
4. Explain the meaning of spondylosis and describe the types of changes that can be seen and their MR appearance.

1. Describe the different types of hemoglobin and what makes them paramagnetic or diamagnetic.
2. Describe the different stages of hemorrhage into the parenchyma of the brain in regard to magnetic resonance appearance and why the appearance changes over time.
3. Discuss the magnetic resonance appearance of nonparenchymal hemorrhage and the sensitivity of MRI regarding the detection of these types of bleeds.

1. Describe a good technique for positioning a neonate for the purpose of obtaining a chest radiograph, which will allow serial exams to be compared without compensating for changes in rotation.
2. Describe the desired locations for the various tubes and lines that are placed during the newborns intensive care stay.
3. Explain the appearance of some of the more common neonatal chest abnormalities, such as hyaline membrane disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, pulmonary hypoplasia and congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

1. Describe the basic structure of bone and the cells and hormones involved in bone construction and remodeling.
2. Explain what the risk factors are developing osteoporosis and the impact of this disorder on the healthcare system.
3. Discuss the symptoms seen when osteoporosis occurs, the effectiveness of available diagnostic modalities, and the current potential treatment options.

1. Describe the pros and cons of surgical biopsy and the reasoning behind the development of image-guided procedures.
2. Discuss the advantages and limitations of ultrasound guided biopsy, stereotactic guided biopsy, fine needle aspiration biopsy, core needle biopsy, and vacuum assisted suction devices.
3. Explain the importance of concordance between the clinical impression and the pathology findings.

1. Describe the technique that is used for percutaneous access to the renal collecting system.
2. Explain how kidney stones are removed from the renal pelvis through a nephroscope.
3. Describe the complications associated with percutaneous urinary tract interventions.

1. Explain the difference between claudication and ischemia.
2. Describe the basic anatomy of the arterial tree as it branches off the aortic arch and the abdominal aorta.
3. Compare and contrast the risks and benefits of angiography and identify in which patients the procedure is contraindicated.
4. Describe the types of disorders encountered in the lower extremities of patients who demonstrate peripheral vascular disease.

1. Describe the essential components of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and how Magnetic Resonance Imaging works.
2. Explain how the body becomes "magnetized".
3. Explain the meaning of the T1 relaxation time, the T2* time constant, the T2 relaxation time, and "free induction decay" or FID.

1. Define the difference between analog and digital imaging.
2. Describe radiation safety standards and discuss how radiation exposure is measured and its effects.
3. Define basic computer terminology and describe digital transformation.
4. Explain how image quality is improved through computer technology and by laser imaging and how this can affect radiation exposure.