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1. Describe how the amniocentesis procedure has changed over the years and the best approach currently for performing the procedure to minimize complications.
2. Explain the various risks and complications associated with amniocentesis.
3. Explain the significance of brown colored fluid that may be obtained at the time of genetic amniocentesis and the use of amniocentesis in Rh negative women.
4. Describe how intra-amniotic bleeding that can occur at the amniocentesis site, may appear sonographically.

1. Discuss the incidence of anencephaly and the theories behind its development.
2. Recognize the ultrasound appearance of anencephaly and other anomalies associated with this congenital defect.
3. Describe the psychological adaptation that couples experience once this diagnosis is made.

1. Describe the various categories of disorders that may produce or be associated with hypotelorism.
2. Discuss the embryologic development of the brain and the differences between the three types of holoprosencephaly.
3. Describe the various forms that are possible for the holoprosencephalic malformation sequence and their differences.
4. State the prognosis for holoprosencephaly (based on the type) and the risk of recurrence (based on the etiology).

1. State the diagnostic criteria for the three different types of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the fetal lung.
2. Describe the factors related to making a differential diagnosis for fetal chest masses.
3. Describe the possible associated congenital anomalies that may co-exist with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation and what to look for sonographically as a patient is followed through the pregnancy.

1. Describe the evaluation of the fetal skeletal system.
2. Explain why prenatal diagnosis is important when dealing with skeletal dysplasia
3. Describe the ultrasound findings seen with some of the more common disorders, such as Thanatophoric Dysplasia Achondroplastic Dysplasia, and Achondrogenesis

1. List the risk factors for gangrenous cholecystitis and describe the sonographic findings seen with this disorder.
2. Categorize the types of gallbladder perforation and the sonographic patterns of peri-cholecystic fluid.
3. Describe the etiology of acalculous cholecystitis and define the sonographic findings seen with this disorder.
4. Describe the etiology of emphysematous cholecystitis and define the sonographic findings seen with this disorder.

1. Explain the importance of making a distinction between a diagnosis of gastroschisis versus omphalocele.
2. Describe the associated anomalies that can be seen with gastroschisis and omphalocele.
3. Discuss the overall prognosis and management of gastroschisis and omphalocele.

1. Identify the sonographic appearance of the pertinent musculoskeletal anatomy of the normal hand and wrist.
2. Identify the sonographic appearance of benign soft tissue tumors.
3. Describe the risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome and identify it sonographically.

1. Identify the sonographic appearance of the pertinent musculoskeletal anatomy of the normal hand and wrist.
2. Describe the sonographic appearance of the various forms of tenosynovitis and injuries to the hand.
3. Identify Dupuytren’s contracture and foreign bodies sonographically.

1. Discuss the incidence and definition of hydrocephalus and ventriculomegaly, and how cerebral spinal fluid is formed, its flows, and its reabsorption.
2. Describe how the ventricles can grow to an abnormal size and the three major types of hydrocephalus.
3. Describe the ultrasound findings and potential methods for making a diagnosis of hydrocephalus / ventriculomegaly.
4. Discuss the prognosis and some of the management options that may be utilized once the diagnosis is made.

1. Explain the etiology of, list the risk factors for, and describe the duplex and color Doppler evaluation of renovascular stenosis.
2. Explain the use of RI and ureteral jets in the evaluation of patients with renal parenchymal disease and in differentiating obstruction from non-obstruction in the presence of a dilated collecting system.
3. Describe the etiology behind the sonographic findings for renal vein thrombosis.
4. Describe the duplex and color Doppler findings for renal Arteriovenous (AV) fistulae.

1. Describe the anomalies associated with median facial cleft syndrome, which is an aspect of median facial plane defects.
2. Discuss the general categories of disorders that may produce or be associated with hypertelorism.
3. Describe the bony structure of the mid-face.
4. Discuss the differences between a "median cleft lip" and an ordinary cleft lip.

1. Explain the basic imaging of the pancreas by ultrasound.
2. Discuss some of the newer findings seen in acute pancreatitis.
3. Describe the roles of ultrasound and Computed Tomography (CT) imaging in acute pancreatitis.

1. Discuss the treatment and clinical outcome for pancreatic malignancies.
2. Compare and contrast chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic neoplasms.
3. Describe the application of color Doppler sonography in evaluating pancreatic tumors.

1. Describe the differential diagnosis for a female patient that presents with pelvic pain.
2. Identify the sonographic appearance of the different causes for pelvic pain.
3. Explain some of the "pitfalls" that can be encountered when evaluating patients who present with pelvic pain.

1. Explain the principles behind power Doppler.
2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of power Doppler.
3. Describe the patients and clinical conditions for which power Doppler may be helpful.

1. List the possible tumors that might develop in the fetal heart.
2. Describe tuberous sclerosis and the medical problems and physical findings that can be seen with the disorder.
3. Discuss what is normal for the heart rate of a fetus and the types of abnormal cardiac rhythms that may occur in the presence of a cardiac tumor.
4. Describe the ultrasound findings of fetal cardiac tumors and what to watch for sonographically as a pregnancy progresses once this diagnosis is made.

1. Define thermal index, mechanical index, absorption coefficient, spatial-peak temporal-average, and spatial-peak pulse-average.
2. State the United States Food and Drug Administration, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, and American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology recommendations for safety levels in obstetrical ultrasound.
3. Describe the ultrasonographer’s role in minimizing fetal exposure during obstetrical ultrasound.

1. Identify the sonographic appearance of the pertinent musculoskeletal anatomy of normal shoulders and rotator cuff tears.
2. Describe the various techniques for performing a sonographic study of the shoulder
3. Describe the pathophysiology of rotator cuff and biceps tendon disease.

1. Discuss the impact that acute appendicitis has on the healthcare system.
2. Describe patients who are better served by imaging with ultrasound versus Computed Tomography (CT).
3. State the diagnostic criteria for acute appendicitis and describe the scanning techniques and how imaging studies have lowered the false positive rate in diagnosing acute appendicitis.
4. Explain the accuracy in diagnosing acute appendicitis and difficulties that can arise, as well as the differential diagnosis.

1. Explain the role of ultrasound in diagnosing various diseases of the testes.
2. Identify the sonographic appearance of epididymo-orchitis, torsion, and cysts.
3. Identify the sonographic appearance of various neoplasms, testicular rupture, and varicocele.

1. Describe the sonographic appearance of benign thyroid lesions.
2. Describe the sonographic appearance of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis.
3. Describe the sonographic appearance of malignant thyroid lesions.
4. List the factors that place a patient at increased risk for thyroid cancer.

1. Discuss the types of patients in which a TIPS stent might be placed, the benefits and contraindications, and the reasons behind why the stent might malfunction.
2. Describe the sonographic techniques that can be used to best visualize the vessels involved in hepatic flow.
3. Discuss the various sonographic parameters, such as stent velocity, main portal vein velocity, hepatic artery velocity and flow direction, that can be utilized when scanning a patient for the possibility of TIPS stent stenosis

1. Explain what tissue harmonics are and how they are generated.
2. Describe how tissue harmonic imaging has advantages over conventional pulse-echo imaging.
3. Describe how tissue harmonic imaging might be used in the clinical setting.

1. Explain what trisomy 21 is, the etiology behind its development, and its overall prognosis.
2. Discuss what is normal regarding the chromosomal makeup of humans.
3. Describe what prenatal diagnostic tools are available for screening as well as what is currently necessary in making a definitive diagnosis.
4. Describe the ultrasound findings that may be present and detectable in a fetus with trisomy 21.

1. Explain the normal chromosomal composition of humans.
2. Discuss what trisomy 18 is, the etiology behind its development, and its overall prognosis.
3. Describe the ultrasound findings that may be detected, if present, in a fetus with trisomy 18.
4. Discuss the prenatal diagnostic tests that are available for screening and how a definitive diagnosis is obtained.